Досвід регулювання ринку агропродовольчої продукції у країнах Європейського Союзу в умовах глобалізації

The paper examines the approaches to the agri-food market regulation in the EU using innovative, scientifically based resource allocation rules. The fundamental principles of the agri-food market regulation in the EU in the context of binding regulations, directives and decisions were investigated. It was concluded that the measures of regulation of the agri-food market, including domestic pork market, competitiveness support of domestic production need substantial revision. Therefore, an attempt to prove the feasibility of the agri-food market regulation, which is based on respect for the fundamental principles of food law with the established procedures, which should be consistent with the production standards of domestic and imported goods was made.The aforesaid will promote the application of experience of the EU member states in the area of agri-food market regulation by public application authorities, particularly in the issues of:a) regulation of speculative foreign competition, manifested through subsidized imports and dumped prices;b) acceleration of the implementation of the EU legislation in Ukraine;c) feasibility of dual agri-food market regulation as horizontal at the level of regulations and vertical at the level of directives.В работе рассмотрены подходы к регулированию рынка агропродовольственной продукции в странах ЕС с применением инновационных, научно обоснованных правил распределения ресурсов. Исследованы фундаментальные принципы регулирования рынка агропродовольственной продукции в странах ЕС, которые заложены в нормативно-правовой базе в контексте регламентов, директив и решений обязательных к исполнению. Выделены пути реализации опыта регулирования рынка агропродовольственной продукции ЕС в Украине.У роботі розглянуто підходи до регулювання ринку агропродовольчої продукції у країнах ЄС із застосуванням інноваційних, науково обґрунтованих правил розподілу ресурсів. Досліджено фундаментальні принципи регулювання ринку агропродовольчої продукції у країнах ЄС, які закладені в нормативно-правовій базі у контексті регламентів, директив та рішень обов’язкових до виконання. Виокремлено шляхи реалізації досвіду регулювання ринку агропродовольчої продукції ЄС в Україні

INCREASE IN THE FUEL EFFICIENCY OF A DIESEL ENGINE BY DISCONNECTING SOME OF ITS CYLINDERS

In fuel economy, a rising level of interest in heavy duty diesel engines that industry has witnessed over the last few years continues to go up and this is not likely to change. Lowering the fuel consumption of all internal combustion engines remains a priority for years to come, driven by economic, legislative, and environmental reasons. According to statistics, the share of operating expenses to ensure transport operations in industrial production is 15-20%, wherein 16-30% of the total volume of transport operations concerns a car, tractor, and trailer. During transport operations, the engine load by the torque, in most cases, does not exceed 40-50%. The paper investigates the increase in fuel efficiency of cars and tractors by disconnecting some of the engine cylinders operated in low-load and idling modes. The research has led to the establishment of the theoretical dependencies between the effective power, engine efficiency, mass of the transported cargo, speed of the car (tractor) and the number of disconnected engine cylinders. Results of experiments suggest the interdependencies of the performance parameters of the car (tractor) when disconnecting some of the engine cylinders. It has also been established that the maximum reduction in the hourly fuel consumption occurs in the idling mode while it decreases along with an increase in the load

Identification of distinguishing characteristics of intersections based on statistical analysis and data from video cameras

The article discusses the issues of improving the collection of traffic information using video cameras and the statistical processing of collected data. The aim of the article was to identify the main patterns of traffic at intersections in traffic congestion and to develop an analysis technique to improve traffic management at intersections. In modern conditions, there is a sharp increase in the number of vehicles, which leads to negative consequences, such as an increase in travel time, additional fuel consumption, increased risk of traffic accidents and others. To solve the problem of improving traffic control at intersections, it is necessary to have a reliable information collection system and apply modern effective methods of processing the collected information. The purpose of this article is to determine the most important traffic characteristics that affect the throughput of intersections. As a criterion for the cross-pass ability of the intersection, the actual number of passing cars during the permission signal of the torch light is taken. Using multivariate regression analysis, a model was developed to predict intersection throughput taking into account the most important traffic characteristics. Analysis of the throughput of intersections using the fuzzy logic method confirmed the correctness of the developed model. In addition, based on the results of processing information collected at 20 intersections and including 597 observations, a methodology was developed for determining the similarity of traffic intersections. This allows us to identify homogeneous types of intersections and to develop typical traffic management techniques in the city, instead of individually managing each node of the city’s transport network individually. The results obtained lead to a significant reduction in costs for the organization of rational traffic flows. Document type: Articl

Interrelation of Regional Markets of Labor and Educational Services: Problems and Prospects

The article considers the problem related to the interrelation of regional markets of labor and educational services through the example of the Lipetsk Region as one of the developed industrial and agricultural regions of Russia. The dynamics of the labor market as a macro-economic indicator witnesses about the directions and tendencies of economic growth of the national economy, as a whole, and economy of specific regions, in particular. Specialists estimate the national labor market ambiguously. On the one hand, there is an opinion that the Russian labor market is in the state of panic and expects abrupt re-focusing on the demand for the labor power. On the other hand, experts mark quiet conditions and a sort of depressiveness that is revealed in maintaining the demand for “popular” professions (economist, sales manager, IT technologies specialist, etc.), but at the same time to a considerably less degree. Because of this, the problem related to adapting to the changed macro-economic conditions of the market of educational services becomes urgent. Herewith, it is necessary to take into account that in Russia there are agricultural, industrial regions and regions with other sectoral specialization where the labor market formation differs from the All-Russian tendencies. The example of the Lipetsk region shows the necessity of active co-operation of employers and educational establishments; eliminating of non-compliance of specialists gained by graduates of educational establishments with the current needs of the contemporary labor market; providing employers with the opportunity to directly influence the formation of the set of areas to prepare students studying in higher educational establishments of the region. The implementation of these events must result in the creation of conditions and stimuli for the development of the human capital assets as a principle resource of the expanded reproduction development of the region. Keywords: labor market, market of educational services, personnel training, regional personnel policy. JEL Classifications: J01, J31, J44, R1

Maximising system throughput in wireless powered sub-6 GHz and millimetre-wave 5G heterogeneous networks

Millimetre wave (mm-Wave) bands and sub-6 GHz are key technologies in solving the spectrum critical situation in the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks in achieving high throughput with low transmission power. This paper studies the performance of dense small cells that involve a millimetre wave (mm-Wave) band and sub-6 GHz that operate in high frequency to support massive multiple-input-multiple-output systems (MIMO). In this paper, we analyse the propagation path loss and wireless powered transfer for a 5G wireless cellular system from both macro cells and femtocells in the sub-6 GHz (µWave) and mm-Wave tiers. This paper also analyses the tier heterogeneous in downlink for both mm-Wave and sub-6 GHz. It further proposes a novel distributed power to mitigate the inter-beam interference directors and achieve high throughput under game theory-based power constraints across the sub-6 GHz and mm-Wave interfaces. From the simulation results, the proposed distributed powers in femtocell suppresses inter-beam interference by minimising path loss to active users (UEs) and provides substantial power saving by controlling the distributed power algorithm to achieve high throughput

Genetic characterization of spring wheat germplasm for macro-, microelements and trace metals

Wheat as a staple food crop is the main source of micro- and macronutrients for most people of the world and is recognized as an attractive crop for biofortification. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of genomic regions governing grain micro- and macroelements concentrations in a panel of 135 diverse wheat accessions through a genome-wide association study. The genetic diversity panel was genotyped using the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method and phenotyped in two environments during 2017–2018. Wide ranges of variation in nutrient element concentrations in grain were detected among the accessions. Based on 33,808 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 2997 marker-element associations (MEAs) with −log10(p-value) > 3.5 were identified, representing all three subgenomes of wheat for 15-grain concentration elements. The highest numbers of MEAs were identified for Mg (499), followed by S (399), P (394), Ni (381), Cd (243), Ca (229), Mn (224), Zn (212), Sr (212), Cu (111), Rb (78), Fe (63), Mo (43), K (32) and Co (19). Further, MEAs associated with multiple elements and referred to as pleiotropic SNPs were identified for Mg, P, Cd, Mn, and Zn on chromosomes 1B, 2B, and 6B. Fifty MEAs were subjected to validation using KASIB multilocational trial at six sites in two years using 39 genotypes. Gene annotation of MEAs identified putative candidate genes that potentially encode different types of proteins related to disease, metal transportation, and metabolism. The MEAs identified in the present study could be potential targets for further validation and may be used in marker-assisted breeding to improve nutrient element concentrations in wheat grain

Variation of Macro- and Microelements, and Trace Metals in Spring Wheat Genetic Resources in Siberia

Western Siberia is one of the major spring wheat regions of Russia, cultivating over 7 Mha. The objective of the study was to evaluate the variation of macro- and microelements, and of trace metals in four distinct groups of genetic resources: primary synthetics from CIMMYT (37 entries), primary synthetics from Japan (8), US hard red spring wheat cultivars (14), and material from the Kazakhstan–Siberian Network on Spring Wheat Improvement (KASIB) (74). The experiment was conducted at Omsk State Agrarian University, using a random complete block design with four replicates in 2017 and 2018. Concentrations of 15 elements were included in the analysis: macroelements, Ca, K, Mg, P, and S; microelements, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn; toxic trace elements, Cd, Co, Ni; and trace elements, Mo, Rb, and Sr. Protein content was found to be positively correlated with the concentrations of 11 of the elements in one or both years. Multiple regression was used to adjust the concentration of each element, based on significant correlations with agronomic traits and macroelements. All 15 elements were evaluated for their suitability for genetic enhancement, considering phenotypic variation, their share of the genetic component in this variation, as well as the dependence of the element concentration on other traits. Three trace elements (Sr, Mo, and Co) were identified as traits that were relatively easy to enhance through breeding. These were followed by Ca, Cd, Rb, and K. The important biofortification elements Mn and Zn were among the traits that were difficult to enhance genetically. The CIMMYT and Japanese synthetics had significantly higher concentrations of K and Sr, compared to the local check. The Japanese synthetics also had the highest concentrations of Ca, S, Cd, and Mo. The US cultivars had concentrations of Ca as high as the Japanese synthetics, and the highest concentrations of Mg and Fe. KASIB’s germplasm had near-average values for most elements. Superior germplasm, with high macro- and microelement concentrations and low trace-element concentrations, was found in all groups of material included

Variation of macro- and microelements, and trace metals in spring wheat genetic resources in Siberia

Western Siberia is one of the major spring wheat regions of Russia, cultivating over 7 Mha. The objective of the study was to evaluate the variation of macro- and microelements, and of trace metals in four distinct groups of genetic resources: primary synthetics from CIMMYT (37 entries), primary synthetics from Japan (8), US hard red spring wheat cultivars (14), and material from the Kazakhstan–Siberian Network on Spring Wheat Improvement (KASIB) (74). The experiment was conducted at Omsk State Agrarian University, using a random complete block design with four replicates in 2017 and 2018. Concentrations of 15 elements were included in the analysis: macroelements, Ca, K, Mg, P, and S; microelements, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn; toxic trace elements, Cd, Co, Ni; and trace elements, Mo, Rb, and Sr. Protein content was found to be positively correlated with the concentrations of 11 of the elements in one or both years. Multiple regression was used to adjust the concentration of each element, based on significant correlations with agronomic traits and macroelements. All 15 elements were evaluated for their suitability for genetic enhancement, considering phenotypic variation, their share of the genetic component in this variation, as well as the dependence of the element concentration on other traits. Three trace elements (Sr, Mo, and Co) were identified as traits that were relatively easy to enhance through breeding. These were followed by Ca, Cd, Rb, and K. The important biofortification elements Mn and Zn were among the traits that were difficult to enhance genetically. The CIMMYT and Japanese synthetics had significantly higher concentrations of K and Sr, compared to the local check. The Japanese synthetics also had the highest concentrations of Ca, S, Cd, and Mo. The US cultivars had concentrations of Ca as high as the Japanese synthetics, and the highest concentrations of Mg and Fe. KASIB’s germplasm had near-average values for most elements. Superior germplasm, with high macro- and microelement concentrations and low trace-element concentrations, was found in all groups of material included

Ультразвуковая диагностика ятрогенных повреждений желчных протоков

Purpose: to study the ultrasound features of iatrogenic injuries of bile ducts in different terms of postoperative period and to identify the typical variations of the echographic image. Materials and methods. 46 patients who suffered from iatrogenic injury in different terms of cholecystectomy have been examined and treated. Iatrogenic injury of bile ducts was revealed among 12 (26%) patients during the operation, within 7 days - among 15 (33%) patients, within a month - among 8 (17%) patients, and cicatricial stricture of bile ducts in late postoperative period was revealed among 11 (24%) patients within the terms from a month to 16 years. The injuries of bile ducts were the following: ducts crossing took place among 10 (22%) patients, excision - among 14 (31%) patients, peripheral injury - among 7 (15%) patients, thermal injury - among 2 (4%) and it was not possible to identify the nature of the injuries among 13 (28%) patients. The patients were examined by means of the standard methods of sonography of abdominal cavity organs and the scanner settings. Results. In the course of the ultrasound examination 23 patients have been diagnosed to have an iatrogenic injury of bile ducts in the postoperative period, 16 patients have been revealed to have postoperative cicatricial stricture of bile ducts. In relation to a "fresh" iatrogenic injury an expansion of bile ducts has been observed in 61% of cases, changes in the opening of bile ducts - in 74% of cases, free fluid and limited liquid accumulations - in 65% and 52% of cases correspondingly. The increase of echogenicity of the ligamentous apparatus and cellular tissue structures of subhepatic recess has been revealed in 83% of cases during the ultrasound examination. Within a "fresh" iatrogenic injury three most frequent variations of echographic image have been marked out. Ultrasound features of postoperative cicatricial strictures of bile ducts have been summarized. Conclusion. Due to the accomplished research the ultrasound symptom complex within an iatrogenic injury in different terms after the surgery has been studied. On the basis of the analysis of the ultrasound features combination it was possible to reveal the most typical echographic images which are specific for iatrogenic injuries of bile ducts in early terms of postoperative period. The ultrasound examination, in conjunction with other radiological methods, has allowed to choose the optimum minimally invasive surgical tactics, to carry out transcutaneous maneuvers under the ultrasound visual control as a preparatory stage in the treatment of iatrogenic injuries of bile ducts.Цель: изучить ультразвуковые признаки ятрогенных повреждений желчных протоков в различные сроки послеоперационного периода и выявить типичные варианты эхографической картины. Материал и методы. Проведено обследование и лечение 46 пациентов с ятрогенной травмой в различные сроки после холецистэктомии. Ятрогенное повреждение желчных протоков было выявлено интраоперационно у 12 (26%) пациентов, в сроки до 7 дней -у 15 (33%), до 1 мес - у 8 (17%) и рубцовая стриктура желчных протоков в позднем послеоперационном периоде в сроки от 1 мес до 16 лет была обнаружена у 11 (24%) пациентов. Повреждения желчных протоков у пациентов были следующими: пересечение протоков - у 10 (22%), иссечение - у 14 (31%), краевое ранение -у 7 15%), термическое повреждение -у2 (4%) и у 13 (28%) пациентов выяснить характер повреждений не удалось. Для обследования пациентов применяли стандартные методики сонографии органов брюшной полости и настройки аппаратов. Результаты. При УЗИ у 23 пациентов ятрогенная травма желчных протоков была диагностирована в послеоперационном периоде, у 16 пациентов выявлена послеоперационная рубцовая стриктура желчных протоков. При "свежей" ятрогенной травме расширение желчных протоков отмечено в 61% случаев, изменения в просвете желчных протоков -в 74%, свободная жидкость и ограниченные жидкостные скопления - соответственно в 65 и 52%. В 83% случаев при УЗИ выявлено повышение эхогенности связочного аппарата и клетчаточных структур подпеченочного пространства. Выделены 3 наиболее частых варианта эхографической картины при "свежей" ятрогенной травме. Обобщены ультразвуковые признаки послеоперационных рубцовых стриктур желчных протоков. Выводы. В результате проведенного исследования изучен ультразвуковой симптомокомплекс при ятрогенной травме в различные сроки после оперативного вмешательства. На основании анализа совокупности ультразвуковых признаков выявлены наиболее типичные эхографические картины, характерные для ятрогенных повреждений желчных протоков в ранние сроки послеоперационного периода. УЗИ в комплексе с другими лучевыми методами позволило выбрать оптимальную малоинвазивную хирургическую тактику, осуществить чрескожные вмешательства под ультразвуковым визуальным контролем как подготовительный этап в лечении ятрогенных повреждений желчных протоков

Comparative Evaluation of Road Vehicle Emissions at Urban Intersections with Detailed Traffic Dynamics

The insufficient development of intelligent dynamic monitoring systems, which operate with big data, obstructs the control of traffic-related air pollution in regulated urban road networks. The study introduces mathematical models and presents a practical comparative assessment of pollutant emissions at urban intersections, with two typical modes of vehicle traffic combined, i.e., freely passing an intersection when the green signal appears and uniformly accelerated passing after a full stop at the stop line. Input data on vehicle traffic at regulated intersections were collected using real-time processing of video streams by Faster R-CNN neural network. Calculation models for different traffic flow patterns at a regulated intersection for dynamic monitoring of pollutant emissions were obtained. Statistical analysis showed a good grouping of intersections into single-type clusters and factor reduction of initial variables. Analysis will further allow us to control and minimize traffic-related emissions in urban road networks. A comparative analysis of pollutant emissions in relation to the basic speed of passing at the intersection of 30 km/h was performed according to the calculations of the mathematical models. When reducing the speed to 10 km/h (similar to a traffic jam), the amount of emissions increases 3.6 times over, and when increasing the speed to 50 km/h, the amount of emissions decreases by 2.3 times. Fuzzy logic methods allow us to make a comparative prediction of the amount of emissions when changing both the speed of traffic and the capacity of the intersection lanes. The study reveals the benefits of using a real-life measurement approach and provides the foundation for continuous monitoring and emission forecasting to control urban air quality and reduce congestion in the road network